Starvation can result in both physical and mental health issues. Let's explore the most significant and harmful effects of starvation.
1. Malnutrition
This is a primary consequence of starvation. When someone is starving, they miss out on essential nutrients crucial for normal metabolism. As a result, malnutrition can cause various deficiencies, including night blindness due to vitamin A deficiency and severe anemia linked to insufficient intake of iron and other vital nutrients. Research shows that nutritional deficiencies, particularly in iron and vitamin B12, are prevalent among malnourished populations, leading to increased anemia rates and related health complications [1].
2. Irregular Menses
Starvation can disrupt the menstrual cycle for women. If a woman is underweight due to starvation, her body may struggle to produce estrogen. The absence of fat leads to a cholesterol deficiency, which in turn can halt the menstrual cycle altogether. Studies indicate that significant weight loss and malnutrition are associated with hormonal imbalances that can lead to amenorrhea, further complicating reproductive health [4].
3. Constipation
With minimal food intake, bowel movements can become irregular, potentially leading to constipation. This can result in various gastrointestinal disorders, sometimes requiring long-term use of laxatives to restore normal bowel function. Reduced dietary fiber intake during starvation significantly contributes to this issue, as fiber is essential for maintaining regular bowel movements.
4. Bone Loss
A starvation diet can lead to quick weight loss, but it's not always healthy. It can cause a decrease in bone density, making bones fragile and more susceptible to fractures. Research shows that malnutrition, particularly deficiencies in calcium and vitamin D, can lead to impaired bone health and increased risk of osteoporosis [3]. Consequently, a person may lose strength alongside weight.
5. Fatigue
Feeling tired? That's another common side effect of starvation. It can cause an imbalance in your body's vitamin needs, resulting in constant fatigue and a significant lack of energy. Iron deficiency anemia, a common outcome of starvation, is particularly noted for causing extreme fatigue and decreased physical performance [5].
6. Affects the Brain
Starvation can impair cognitive functions, creating an imbalance that may lead to depression. It can also have immediate effects on mood, leaving individuals feeling irritable due to the persistent sensation of hunger. The relationship between nutrition and mental health is well-documented, as deficiencies in essential nutrients can exacerbate mood disorders and cognitive decline [5].
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References:
- Chingmila Shimrah, H Sorojini Devi. Prevalence of anemia and associated risk factors among the lactating and nonpregnant-nonlactating Tangkhul women.. PubMed. 2022.
- Aimée Mudekereza Musimwa, Hermann Tamubango Kitoko, Gray Kanteng Wakamb, Stanis Wembonyama Okitotsho, Oscar Luboya Numbi. [Serum iron concentration in malnourished children from an urban and rural area in Democratic Republic of the Congo].. PubMed. 2018.
- Solomon Getawa, Zegeye Getaneh, Mulugeta Melku. Hematological Abnormalities and Associated Factors Among Undernourished Under-Five Children Attending University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.. PubMed. 2020.
- Romilda Castro De Andrade Cairo, Luciana Rodrigues Silva, Nadya Carneiro Bustani, Cibele Dantas Ferreira Marques. Iron deficiency anemia in adolescents; a literature review.. PubMed. 2014.
- Lingtak-Neander Chan, Leigh Ann Mike. The science and practice of micronutrient supplementations in nutritional anemia: an evidence-based review.. PubMed. 2014.