Understanding the Transmission of COVID-19

The illness caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is referred to as COVID-19, which stands for coronavirus disease of 2019. Common symptoms in individuals infected with this virus include fever, dry cough, and trouble breathing. Additionally, some patients experience muscle pain, loss of smell, runny nose, nasal congestion, sore throat, and/or diarrhea. Research indicates that the loss of smell (anosmia) is a particularly notable symptom, as it has been observed in a significant proportion of cases, sometimes even preceding other symptoms of the disease ^[1].

Interestingly, around 80% of those infected with COVID-19 recover without facing serious complications. However, about 14 to 15% of patients can become seriously ill, exhibiting significant breathing difficulties. In only 3 to 4% of cases does the infection lead to severe pneumonia, which can sometimes be fatal. Studies have shown that the severity of symptoms can be linked to the viral load present in patients, with higher loads correlating with worse clinical outcomes ^[2].

How Does the Virus Spread?
The primary mode of transmission for the new coronavirus is through respiratory droplets produced when an infected individual coughs or sneezes. You can become infected in two main ways:

1) Direct Contact

When respiratory droplets enter your nose, mouth, or eyes, typically when someone who is infected coughs or sneezes near you without covering their mouth and nose. Research supports that aerosol transmission, where tiny droplets linger in the air, plays a significant role in the spread of the virus, particularly in enclosed spaces ^[3].

2) Indirect Contact

These droplets can survive on clothing and various surfaces for hours. If you touch your face after coming into contact with these contaminated surfaces without first washing your hands, there's a risk of infection. The persistence of the virus on surfaces has been documented, highlighting the importance of hygiene practices ^[4].

The incubation period, which is the duration it takes for symptoms of COVID-19 to manifest, ranges from 1 to 14 days. This means individuals who are infected but not showing symptoms can still transmit the disease to others, adding to the challenges of controlling the spread of the virus ^[5].

Who Is at Greater Risk of Infection?

If you or your family members:

• Have traveled to other countries in the past 14 days.
• Work alongside someone who has recently traveled to other countries.
• Have been in contact with a person who tested positive for COVID-19.

Additionally, older adults (those over 60) and individuals with pre-existing medical conditions like hypertension, heart disease, respiratory issues, cancer, or diabetes are at a higher risk of developing severe complications if they contract the virus. The increased risk in these populations underscores the importance of targeted public health measures and vaccination efforts to protect vulnerable individuals.